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Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002) - Tonga (2008)

Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002) z Tonga (2008)

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002)Tonga (2008)
 Ashmore and Cartier IslandsTonga
Administrative divisions - 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Age structure - 0-14 years: 34.6% (male 20,624/female 19,779)


15-64 years: 61.2% (male 35,551/female 36,052)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,087/female 2,828) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products - squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Airports - 6 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Area total: 5 sq km


land: 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island		 total: 748 sq km


land: 718 sq km


water: 30 sq km
Area - comparative about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC four times the size of Washington, DC
Background These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is now a marine reserve. Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Birth rate - 23.67 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget - revenues: $56.97 million


expenditures: $83.88 million (FY04/05)
Capital - name: Nuku'alofa


geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W


time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate tropical tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Coastline 74.1 km 419 km
Constitution - 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Country name conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands


conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands		 conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga


conventional short form: Tonga


local long form: Pule'anga Tonga


local short form: Tonga


former: Friendly Islands
Death rate - 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external - $80.7 million (2004)
Dependency status territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services -
Diplomatic representation from the US none (territory of Australia) the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Diplomatic representation in the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU


chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022


telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025


FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024


consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Disputes - international - none
Economic aid - recipient - $31.75 million (2005)
Economy - overview no economic activity Tonga has a small, open, South Pacific island economy. It has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government.
Electricity - consumption - 32.55 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production - 35 million kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location 3 m		 lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Environment - current issues NA deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups - Polynesian, Europeans
Exchange rates - pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)
Executive branch - chief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)


head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Feleti SEVELE (since 11 February 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Viliami TANGI (since 16 May 2006)


cabinet: Cabinet consists of 14 members, 10 appointed by the monarch for life; four appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Assembly, including two each from the nobles' and peoples' representatives serving three-year terms


note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the cabinet, and two governors


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch
Exports - 0 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities - squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners - US 39.7%, Japan 27.8%, NZ 8.2%, South Korea 7.6% (2006)
Fiscal year - 1 July - 30 June
Flag description the flag of Australia is used red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 23%


industry: 27%


services: 50% (FY03/04 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 2.4% (2005 est.)
Geographic coordinates 12 14 S, 123 05 E 20 00 S, 175 00 W
Geography - note Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Imports - 842.3 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities - foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners - Fiji 30.3%, NZ 27.7%, US 8.2%, Australia 7.5%, France 5.7%, UK 4.7% (2006)
Independence - 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
Industrial production growth rate - 1% (2003 est.)
Industries - tourism, fishing
Infant mortality rate - total: 11.99 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 13.3 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 10.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 11.1% (2005 est.)
International organization participation - ACP, ADB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, ITUC, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1998 est.) NA
Judicial branch - Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (Chief Justice and high court justices from overseas chosen and approved by Privy Council)
Labor force - 33,910 (2003)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture: 65%


industry and services: 35% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (all grass and sand) (1998 est.)		 arable land: 20%


permanent crops: 14.67%


other: 65.33% (2005)
Languages - Tongan, English
Legal system the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply based on English common law
Legislative branch - unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (32 seats - 14 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)


elections: last held on 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008)


election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%, other 30%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 70.12 years


male: 67.6 years


female: 72.76 years (2007 est.)
Literacy - definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English


total population: 98.9%


male: 98.8%


female: 99% (1999 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references Southeast Asia Oceania
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 12 NM


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation


exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM		 territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Merchant marine - total: 14 ships (1000 GRT or over) 58,756 GRT/67,889 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 9, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1


foreign-owned: 3 (Australia 1, Switzerland 1, UK 1) (2007)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force -
Military branches - Tonga Defense Services (TDS): Land Force (Royal Guard), Naval Force (includes Royal Marines, Air Wing) (2008)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 0.9% (2006 est.)
National holiday - Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Nationality - noun: Tongan(s)


adjective: Tongan
Natural hazards surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Natural resources fish fish, fertile soil
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
People - note the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote Island has become an ongoing problem -
Political parties and leaders - People's Democratic Party [Tesina FUKO]
Political pressure groups and leaders - Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE]
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh waster at Ashmore Reef's West Island		 116,921 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line - 24% (FY03/04)
Population growth rate - 1.847% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors none; offshore anchorage only -
Radio broadcast stations - AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)
Religions - Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.043 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.986 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.738 male(s)/female


total population: 0.993 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage - 21 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television


domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 40 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network


international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)
Telephones - main lines in use - 13,700 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 29,900 (2005)
Television broadcast stations - 3 (2004)
Terrain low with sand and coral most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Total fertility rate - 2.75 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate - 13% (FY03/04 est.)
Waterways none -
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